Understand that Java classes are grouped into packages

Know that java.lang package is always available in Java programs

Identify common classes from java.lang: String, Math, System, Integer, Double, Boolean, Object

Understand the need to import classes from other packages (e.g., ArrayList from java.util)

Use Java documentation to find information about built-in classes

Explain the concept of Application Program Interfaces (APIs) and libraries

Analyze class documentation to understand attributes, constructors, and methods

Use System.out.print and System.out.println for console output

Understand the difference between print and println

Use System.err for error output

Understand the concept of standard input, output, and error streams

Use other methods of the System class (e.g., System.currentTimeMillis())

Understand the role of the System class in providing system-related utilities

Understand that Math class contains only static methods

Use basic Math methods: abs(), pow(), sqrt(), random()

Use Math.PI for calculations involving π

Understand the return types of various Math methods

Implement algorithms using combinations of Math methods

Understand the limitations of floating-point arithmetic in Java

Understand the purpose of public and private access modifiers

Apply public and private modifiers to class members appropriately

Explain why instance variables are usually made private

Understand the implications of making methods public or private

Discuss the use of package-private (default) access

Understand the protected modifier in the context of inheritance

Understand the concept of encapsulation as hiding implementation details

Implement basic getter and setter methods

Design classes to control access and modification of their state

Implement encapsulation to create more robust and maintainable code

Discuss trade-offs between accessibility and encapsulation

Implement advanced encapsulation techniques (e.g., immutable classes)

Use 'this' to refer to the current object in instance methods and constructors

Use 'this' to disambiguate between instance variables and parameters

Use 'this' to call other constructors within a constructor

Pass 'this' as an argument to other methods

Understand the implications of returning 'this' from methods

Discuss potential issues with exposing 'this' in constructors

Use // for single-line comments

Use /* */ for multi-line comments

Use /** */ for Javadoc comments

Write meaningful comments that explain 'why' rather than 'what'

Generate and understand Javadoc documentation

Follow best practices for commenting code in large projects

Understand the concept of invariants in programming

Identify simple preconditions and postconditions for methods

Write code that maintains class invariants

Use assertions to check invariants during development

Design complex systems using invariants to ensure correctness

Discuss the role of invariants in formal program verification

Understand method overloading (multiple methods with the same name but different parameters)

Implement overloaded constructors

Understand how Java resolves calls to overloaded methods

Implement overloaded methods with covariant return types

Discuss best practices and potential pitfalls of method overloading

Understand the interaction between overloading and variable argument methods